At the close of January about a year after COVID-19 emerged in the United States, media provided a curious public with a range of data highlighting the number of vaccine doses administered to citizens. Depending on the source, more than 26 million to nearly 32 million doses were given, representing a miniscule slice of the American population.
No matter how the statistics were explained, the spread of about six million might give enthusiasts of DraftKings and FanDuel pause.
While the numbers draw quizzical looks about the state of public-sector vaccine supply logistics that Healthcare Purchasing News currently is exploring, they also pose a serious question: How might the extensive use of track-and-trace technology involving bar coding and radio frequency identification (RFID) down to the “eaches” have contributed to the accuracy and precision of product movement from raw materials to manufacturing to distribution to administration or consumption?
Where to begin?
In theory and on paper at least, affixing bar-code labels or RFID chips on products may seem like a simple “no-duh” solution. But it may be a bit more complex than such perceived simplicity, according to Jessica Bernardo, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Label and Receipt Printer Solutions, Toshiba America Business Solutions.
Deploying the latest technology to improve efficiency and effectiveness indeed may help manage the complexity of distributing COVID-19 vaccines, Bernardo acknowledges.
“By facilitating data transparency, bar-code and RFID labeling enables vaccine operation professionals to make better decisions,” she told HPN. “From improving shipping and storage space utilization to where, when and who should receive vaccines. Most important, delivering this degree of accuracy saves lives.”
Federal, state and local agencies must weigh their options before finalizing an information technology solution to facilitate this process, Bernardo recommends, whether that be RFID or bar coding, both of which can reduce misidentification of medical assets.
“RFID technology saves time and money with real-time data capture by identifying the vaccine, its location and physical attributes, such as size, temperature and placement in a container or warehouse,” she said. “This data is available without human intervention, requires no line-of-sight to the container while simultaneously recording multiple data points.
“RFID technology also provides a wealth of data for later analysis,” Bernardo continued. “And automating this process greatly increases medical staff productivity. Eliminating manual data entry exponentially enhances accuracy while increasing the opportunity for patient interaction. Vaccine tracking also improves operations and staff efficiency. For example, RFID tags may create alerts helping ensure vaccines maintain temperature and use thresholds.”
Bernardo emphasizes the convenience and flexibility of bar coding as a relevant and useful choice, too, as the labels can be adapted to specific needs that may include tracking assets or fulfilling shipments.
“Bar-code printing is also affordable,” she noted, “in many instances only requiring the addition of specialized labels to accommodate medical applications. Print and apply systems furthermore automate multi-container labeling specific to medical applications (i.e., vials, tubes, bags). This automated process labels in a fraction of the time in comparison to manually affixing tags.”
Any track-and-trace effort applied to such an overwhelming logistics operation must begin at the source, urges Tony Cecchin, Vice President and General Manager, Global Supplies, Zebra Technologies, and President, Temptime.
“The key COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing and distribution services to date have focused on bulk container-based supply chain tracking and tracing along with temperature monitoring,” Cecchin said. “The federal government’s goal of accelerating vaccination throughput via a network of mass vaccination sites should require a vial-based focus to support the distribution efforts of the vaccine supply chain.”
This translates to automating the myriad vaccination locations, Cecchin deduces.
“The workflows at local vaccination sites will necessitate vial-level information that lends itself to 2-D barcoding and scanning as an alternative to manual data entry,” Cecchin insisted. “These vaccination sites include onsite vial management, patient injection recordation, second-dose administration tracking and wastage rate data collection. Moreover, the data needed to fight counterfeiting or support product recalls will require vial-level detail. In the short term, 2-D bar code and scanning technology can help accomplish this goal and is consistent with the policy set forth in the Drug Supply Chain Security Act of 2013.”
Cecchin views RFID tags as useful from bulk to last-mile delivery.
“RFID tags can be applied by vaccine manufacturers to multi-pack boxes enabling them to be scanned from manufacturing through the distribution process,” he observed. “This enables automated visibility of product shipments at the lot/batch level and accountability for vaccine dose management until the last-mile delivery. RFID tags provide another layer to anti-counterfeiting protection measures and allow an automated means of expediting vaccine dose receipt, distribution and use.”
Compassion, understanding
Jason Rosemurgy, Senior Vice President, Sales and Marketing, Terso Solutions, cautions against criticizing the current logistics process too quickly due to the demand for product and service, the expediency of desired results and the depth of planning and preparation.
“The logistics related to the COVID-19 vaccine deployment are unlike anything we’ve ever experienced in the healthcare – or any other – supply chain,” he said. “One of the fundamental pieces being that the right levels of vaccine must make it to the desired location, and to date, many of the big [third-party logistics companies] have done an outstanding job in designing and deploying solutions to handle broader logistical needs.”
Once the vaccine stock arrives on site, it’s up to the healthcare workers at those locations who are handling and administering the vaccine to run with the baton handed to them by the distributors, according to Rosemurgy.
“From what we’ve heard, this can be challenging and supported by many manual processes, including spreadsheets and handwritten logs,” he noted.
Rosemurgy acknowledges that RFID certainly can help track critical inventory in a more automated way and provide important data that is essential to the efficacy and safety of this inventory.
“Some vaccines need to be stored at ultra-low temperatures (-80 degrees C), which is crucial to a vaccine’s efficacy,” he indicated. “If a vaccine isn’t kept at these critical temperatures it is rendered ineffective. Terso offers an RFID-enabled ULT [product] that we have deployed at several hospitals throughout the U.S. to help them store COVID-19 vaccine safely. All these devices are secure (badge-access) as well, so no vaccine could be removed from its cold storage without the system knowing who accessed it and when. If a case, box or individual vaccine were RFID-tagged, all of this information would be captured as well, ensuring chain of custody for the healthcare provider. With the features of a fully automated RFID system, such as proactive temperature monitoring, hospitals can help mitigate issues, such as having to throw away spoiled vaccine if a freezer or fridge fails, which recently happened at a hospital on the East Coast.”
Rosemurgy briefly highlights several projects around tagging individual vials at the manufacturer level to help ensure complete traceability. “Because of the flexible nature and performance aspects of RAIN (UHF) RFID, product can be tracked throughout its journey along the healthcare supply chain from both close range and further distances,” he added.
Bar codes applied to the cases, boxes and vials of COVID-19 vaccines encode electronic information about the product, such as its [National Drug Code], lot number, expiration date and in some cases ─ a unique serial number, according to Kim Elmore, Senior Director, Pharmacy Contracting, Premier Inc. But electronically tracking vial to patient may be challenging right now.
“While it is likely that the bar codes on the cases and boxes will be scanned to populate devices and inventory management systems, there is currently no harmonized and widely adopted data system that relies on either the bar code or RFID to track inventory at a national level across all stewards,” Elmore pointed out. “The most predominantly used bar code will be the one printed on the vials. Most vaccinators use an [electronic medical record] system that is capable of associating the product information to a specific patient, and scanning a bar code on the vial to capture this information is much more efficient and more accurate than hand keying the information for every patient and dose.”
Eye end game
“Bar coding and RFID technologies are both ways to capture data,” he said. “It is what you do with that data that is important. Standard supply chain data about shipments of the vaccine from manufacturer to distributor to hospital to patient is probably available today. However, being able to provide real-time, virtual inventory management is a significant value-add.”
As an example, Freund suggests four notable data points that could be tracked with a real-time cloud-based system:
- How many vaccines did we ship to a given facility? “This helps hold facilities accountable for the distribution of the vaccine,” he noted.
- How much do they still have in inventory? “Understanding where and how much inventory is available by state, county, city and facility would make it easy to redistribute vaccine supply across locations as demand shifts,” he said. “This also can help hospitals avoid stockouts. Knowing expiration dates would allow clinicians to make sure they are using the vaccine quickly enough so it doesn’t go to waste – in relation to temperature and storage issues.”
- How fast are they going through it? “This data supports distribution so the amount sent to a location corresponds to consumption rates. This also reduces hoarding and waste.”
- When will they run out? “Insights into demand planning based on very short timeframes can help hospitals avoid stockouts.”
Freund encourages the use of bar coding beyond just the product.
“Most states are asking people to make appointments for the vaccine,” he said. “There could be a bar code that is generated by the facility that would integrate basic patient information, such as age, race, gender, ZIP code. This would help officials understand what percentage of a given population has been vaccinated, making it easier to understand the progress towards reducing the COVID threat.”
From the idealistic to the practical and pragmatic, the COVID-19 vaccine logistics process throughout the nation has experienced fits and spurts akin to bumper cars in a demolition derby.
Since the first doses were administered in mid-December 2020, “members of the media, government and the public quickly began to criticize the implementation and pace of this effort, calling for faster, more efficient distribution,” observed Carl Gustafson, Senior Consulting Director, Supply Chain Operations Services, Vizient. “Several global studies on the effectiveness of the cold chain supply of vaccines have concluded that the transport systems were not up to standard to ensure the quality and stability of the vaccine, according to the National Institutes of Health in a report published online in January 2020,” he added.
Gustafson recognizes the ideal end game that includes the interoperability of multiple technologies.
“By deploying RFID, bar codes, mobile computers, GPS and cloud-based blockchain technology solutions, the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine can have complete transparency, surface problems or potential problems and improve process,” Gustafson forecast. “Every step in the chain of custody — from the manufacturer to the transporter to the healthcare provider — can be accomplished more efficiently and effectively than ever before. Traceability of the vaccine can begin with the initial shipment and through the transit process, continue to the medical facility, the healthcare worker and finally, to the patient.”
GPS-enabled RFID can smooth out the rough spots and speed bumps that may delay transport.
“Deploying GPS-enabled RFID tags to verify delivery and receipt and obtain reporting will support identifying weak links in the supply chain,” he predicted. “At the time of manufacturing, a GPS-enabled RFID chip should be placed within the pallet/package. The chip can provide information such as lot number, expiration date, cold-chain tracking, time, locations and who the vaccine was handed off to. Once en-route, the tags can then track cold-chain stability and if a temperature excursion occurs, send an alert in real time so that the situation can be remedied.”
Gustafson outlines that once the vaccine has been delivered and stored at the destination facility, [real-time location systems] can monitor staff involved in the dispensing of the vaccine, and bar-code scanners can track patient, lot number and expiration dating along with ensuring that the cold chain was not compromised onsite.
“Blockchain, tracking and monitoring sensors, hand-held bar-code technology and cloud-based solutions provide transparency, reporting and visibility into all supply chain attributes for distribution,” he noted. “GPS-enabled RFID tags have the capability to provide notification for any fluctuations in the cold chain, and that can help prevent loss and compromised storage requirements of COVID vaccines, thereby increasing supply chain resilience.”
Peter Sturtevant, Senior Director, Community Engagement, GS1 US, recognizes that the supply chain has operated behind the eight ball for the bulk of 2020.
“Supply-chain and product transparency are foundational to establishing public trust in the vaccine supply,” he said. “The healthcare supply chain came under great scrutiny in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic when supplies of personal protective equipment and other products were disrupted by unanticipated and unprecedented demand.”
Now in 2021, the supply chain must navigate through the pitfalls and pratfalls of vaccine manufacturing, distribution and administration.
“Hospitals and other dispensers need to know when the vaccine will arrive and how many doses they will receive,” Sturtevant indicated. “Caregivers and patients alike will be more confident in the vaccine knowing that it has been tracked and traced through the supply chain, that it is legitimate – not a counterfeit – and it can be traced back if anything goes wrong. In fact, a report issued by Deloitte (https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/life-sciences-and-healthcare/covid-19/securing-trust-in-the-global-covid-19-supply-chain.html), titled ‘Securing trust in the global COVID-19 supply chain’ states, ‘It is expected that the highly anticipated vaccines, needed by so many people, will have the highest risk of being falsified. This should be monitored and prevented to avoid significantly undermining public trust in safe vaccines. This is where track and trace play a critical role.’”
Two key elements compound the process, Sturtevant insists.
“Traceability is crucial to monitor shipping conditions and events, keeping in mind all the vaccines have differing cold chain requirements, among other things,” he said. “Distribution planning is further complicated by the need to deliver a second dose of the same vaccine for the same patients within a specified period of time, 21 or 28 days from administration of the first dose.”
The pharmaceutical industry already has been moving to full implementation of bar codes on its regulated products using GS1 Standards to meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration’s Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA), according to Sturtevant.
“Standardized data, encoded in a bar code, makes it possible for supply chain partners to accurately pinpoint the details of the vaccine’s manufacture, including lot/batch number, expiration date and unique product identifier, [such as] a Global Trade Item Number or GTIN,” he continued. “In the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, supplychain visibility afforded by the use of bar codes, using GS1 Standards, will help improve efficient distribution and traceability to benefit patient safety. Throughout distribution, these bar codes can be scanned to capture all the relevant data so that the product can be tracked and traced quickly and accurately. The key to traceability in the healthcare supply chain is exchangeable data, made possible through the use of the GS1 System of Standards.”
Sturtevant cites World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of affixing a 2-D (DataMatrix) bar code on secondary packaging (cartons), and if possible, also on the primary packaging (vial or prefilled syringe), according to a Deloitte report, which also notes that UNICEF recently announced it will utilize GS1 bar codes on packaging beyond the primary level to improve traceability of vaccines.
In the U.S. specifically, according to Sturtevant, drug identification and labeling requirements for the COVID-19 vaccines will require:
- a 2-D bar code containing the National Drug Code (NDC) embedded in the GTIN
- lot number
- a placeholder expiration date of 12/31/ 2069 on secondary level packaging
“Global alignment on the use of global standards for identification and bar coding of the vaccines will enable traceability across borders to reduce falsification, enable precise product identification in patient health records and facilitate recalls or adverse event reports,” he added.
Examples abound
“It’s not the time to reinvent the wheel,” he said. “It’s time to draw from some of the greatest healthcare supply chain strategists in the world running some of the largest healthcare delivery networks in the world. These healthcare organizations are proving that they have the technology, processes and staff in place to be able to scale up their vaccination operations. While some may need to add software or technology along the way, health systems are, by and large, engineered to manage lumpy patient throughput in a safe and secure manner. Proven tech like bar coding and RFID are well-incorporated into how they run their business already, so while this effort flexes their capacity, the tools they use to track and trace likely do not veer too far from existing best practice.”
Turner acknowledges that many players involved in the vaccination process may not be as well-versed in the particulars of the healthcare supply chain. “This means a sharp learning curve with any medical distribution processes, so familiar and intuitive technologies are the most reasonable option,” he observed.
Bar coding implementation may be the most logical first step, according to Turner.
“Pragmatically, bar coding is the lowest common denominator,” he said. “The tech to read them is inexpensive and mainstream, and the manufacturer already prints them on the packages. Scanning at receiving, lot tracking, and track and trace at the vial and patient level are all then just a quick scan of a bar-code gun. The same technology can be used to track assets, supplies, users and any other regulatory data point that may arise.
“As the rollout continues to scale, it will be important to identify chain-of-custody blind spots for when the vaccine shipments are broken down and distributed to makeshift locations like arenas and civic centers. We should know by now that the answer is not on a clipboard. These visibility gaps in the transportation leg of the journey are great candidates to leverage bar-code technology to preserve end-to-end traceability.”
Bar codes, RFID, data standards may help public agency vaccine logistics process
In the private sector, healthcare providers and product/service suppliers are well aware of the enormous complexities to the subtle nuances of managing a supply chain from raw materials to manufacturing to distribution to end user at the point of care.
During a crisis, such as a global pandemic, that supply chain experiences further complications from accelerated demand that may outpace product availability.
But in the public sector, such crises can engulf and ensnare federal, state and local government institutions and state and county health agencies not fully prepared to handle them, let alone the supply chain.
Private sector industry recognizes the inherent value of bar coding, radio frequency identification (RFID) and overall real-time location systems (RTLS), which is something the public sector must learn quickly, according to six executives involved in track-and-trace technology.
All six shared their thoughts with Healthcare Purchasing News on the inherent challenges federal, state, local government authorities and healthcare agency staffers face to implement and use bar coding and/or RFID to keep track of COVID-19 vaccine inventory and use on citizens, and how they might overcome them.
John Freund, President and CEO, Jump Technologies Inc.
“The biggest challenge in implementing point-of-use technology is managing the data that is gathered. To effectively manage the distribution of a vaccine through either bar-code scanning or RFID, the data all needs to be centrally located, organized and made available to all stakeholders. This would enable local, state and federal government agencies to work together to manage a vaccine rollout. Having disparate data that exists in multiple databases across the country will do more harm than good.
“A major hurdle in fighting this pandemic has been the vast amount of disinformation about COVID. Too many people are operating on bad facts, causing them to make bad decisions that are slowing the defeat of COVID. Not only can having a single database for this information help the government track the progress of the vaccine but making the data public and transparent builds public confidence in what is actually going on when it comes to the distribution of the vaccine. If there was a public website that provided credible information about the distribution of the vaccine, not only in the U.S., but throughout the world, patients would have greater trust and confidence in the vaccine program and be more receptive to getting vaccinated themselves.”
Kim Elmore, Senior Director, Pharmacy Contracting, Premier Inc.
“Bar codes and/or RFID are merely electronic data carriers affixed to either shipping entities (i.e., pallets and cases) or the product itself (i.e., box and vial). These data carriers alone do not create a solution to track inventory especially inventory as complex to distribute and manage as the first two COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna that require different temperatures for the frozen states and have different beyond-use dates between refrigerated and ambient conditions.
“Given the crisis and urgency, a simple and uniform national inventory reporting system is most important, and the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] is to be applauded for its efforts to unify COVID-19 vaccine inventory reporting across all stakeholders to the VaccineFinder website. The problem that arises is the additional administrative burden placed on providers to report daily inventory in addition to managing vaccine administration to patients. One company and long-standing Premier partner, MinibarRx, offers a flexible portal solution to vaccinators that allows for simple vaccine counts by lot number to be updated via a mobile app, and leverages more advanced technology that stores the vaccines in a SMART refrigerator tracking thaw time and beyond-use dates. The machine also secures the product as it directs authorized users to the first-in-first-out (FIFO) vaccine selection. Notably, these solutions are available to Premier members and automatically report daily inventory levels to CDC VaccineFinder website on behalf of the customer.
“The vial barcode is most useful to the COVID-19 vaccinator to track patient administrations since bar-code scanners are relatively inexpensive, readily available and easily interface with most devices providers use to facilitate their patient workflow. RFID is not currently used for the COVID-19 vaccines ─ most likely due to the higher cost and complexity to implement and harmonize throughout the supply chain.
“Regardless of scanning technology, we lack a single data system capturing vaccine administration and associated product lot, and instead, each state is responsible for creating its own plan and means of tracking vaccinations. To properly identify adverse events or supply chain anomalies, each state should report to a central clearing house with lot specific information ─ enabling providers to reference electronic medical records to determine whether that lot was administered to their patients. The MinibarRx system again offers advantages to its customers since inventory history is retained and a simple query of the system will reveal whether lots were stocked and/or dispensed.”
Cory Turner, CMRP, Senior Director, Healthcare Strategy, Tecsys Inc.
“From a planning standpoint, to get shots in arms quickly and safely will need teamwork across traditionally siloed parties. The United States plays host to a deep bench of healthcare supply chain experts with ample experience in implementation of technology and staff onboarding. Ultimately, the riskiest thing that government authorities can do is to shirk the expertise and proven technologies that underpin the most robust healthcare delivery networks in the country. While the scale is unique, the logistics are not.
“From a workflow standpoint, as with any process where the human factor is introduced, there are challenges that must be anticipated and resolved. Using a bar-code tracking application is no different. The application would need to be used by all areas in the process, from the point of manufacturing to transportation to the point of consumption and everywhere in between. If all parties are on the same page and using the application to its full potential, then the challenges are fairly manageable. However, if at any point in the process the steps are not followed as instructed, there will be a gap in the reporting information. This could lead to setbacks in getting the masses the vaccinations that they need.
“From a tech standpoint, the challenge will be the patchwork of systems being leveraged to manage the process. Although not the same in scale, the H1N1 vaccine distribution [2009-2010] was federally managed, and multiple distribution hubs were carbon copies of one another, allowing for a great deal of streamlining across technologies, processes and training. With no standard bearer, federal, state and local entities will need to navigate inconsistent practices and discrete databases.”
Jason Rosemurgy, Senior Vice President, Sales and Marketing, Terso Solutions
“As with any new operational change, logistics play a huge role and incorporating RFID is no exception. There is a lot to consider when implementing a new technology and because of this, government and healthcare agencies have to factor in the infrastructure of an actual RFID system itself, as well as tracking consumption, usage and patient data as the products themselves are being detected and read with RFID technology throughout a supply chain. However, once this infrastructure exists, the product tracking happens on a completely automated basis, creating much faster throughput of information and a great reduction in staff time spent on counting and reconciling processes. Everything is happening in real time, and some of the errors and inefficiencies that can occur with bar coding can be eliminated.
“Furthermore, data and the interoperability of systems will also come into play when considering the challenges of using any technology to manage this vaccination process of hundreds of millions of people. When immunizing at all, let alone on a global level, it is important to be able to track the vaccine from point of manufacture to point of use. To make sure that the vaccine was stored properly, accessed by the right people, and that the appropriate dose was administered. This type of data will be crucial to examine just how much of the population is being immunized and where, so those in charge can use this data to make decisions that will directly impact public health and safety. However, RFID tagging of products is a key element. Due to the complexities of tagging individual vials, RFID technology may be better suited to be utilized at the batch, box level. Regardless, RFID will be an essential tool and the first step in gathering data that will play an imperative role in empowering those throughout the supply chain.”
Jessica Bernardo, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Label and Receipt Printer Solutions, Toshiba America Business Solutions
“Challenges are different for RFID and bar-code printing solutions. RFID technology increases patient safety and privacy while reducing medical errors. The automation of tracking medical assets directly relates to time and cost savings in the entire medical process flow.
“Be mindful that RFID solutions require a greater investment than bar-code printing. This investment includes hardware, software, training, additional maintenance, audits and upgrades. RFID tags also pose technical challenges in specific medical environments as they may be susceptible to interference with other equipment as the accuracy of reading tags is affected by certain metal or liquid substances, label placement, reading distance and system infrastructure. Continuing investment in RFID infrastructure and appropriate ROI analysis will pave the way for future implementation of healthcare applications.
“Bar-code labeling is an improved solution over manually tracking and labeling vaccines but cannot deliver on the speed of RFID logistics tracking. Moreover, bar-code label reading must have a line of sight to the labels while only reading one label at a time. When considering these two solutions, it may be best to consider using both technologies to solve the immediate challenges of distributing a vaccine.
“While RFID may best track the location of shipment containers while monitoring desired environmental aspects, bar-code printing provides the quickest and least expensive option for tracking and delivering the vaccine to individual vials. Much like the retail, logistics and transportation industries, government and healthcare agencies should invest in both technologies to solve today’s problems and lay a path to infrastructure investment.
“Since the success of an information-sharing network depends on how well the technology is implemented by all parties, it is recommended that the agencies who adopt the bar-code label and/or RFID tag for COVID-19 vaccine distribution have a strong relationship with their printer suppliers.”
Tony Cecchin, Vice President and General Manager, Global Supplies, Zebra Technologies, and President, Temptime
“Health Information Management Systems (HIMS) data and Logistics Information Management System (LIMS) data are not linked. Dose administration data and records are being fed into one system, and vaccine recipient information is being logged – often manually – into another system. Once vaccinated, the recipients in many cases are provided paper cards as a reminder of what vaccine they received and when they should return for their second dose. This is an antiquated system [that] places the burden of ‘getting it all right’ and getting the information into the proper system with the people at the point of vaccination – leaving them with a tremendous administrative and logistical burden on top of their responsibilities to vaccinate people.
“A 2-D bar code/RFID system would automate the administrative tasks at the point of vaccination and allow the healthcare professionals to focus on the vaccine recipient and administration of COVID-19 vaccine doses. A coordinated system could be deployed with the federal, state and local governments feeding their data into the system. However, the federal government, as the purchaser of the vaccine, would need the vaccine manufacturing companies to support the deployment of these initiatives and implement them at the vaccine manufacturing sites.
“Another challenge is the lack of mobile data capturing infrastructure. Manual processes are prone to human error, as well as labor and time inefficiencies. Where established private healthcare providers operate sites (pharmacies and hospitals) capable of tracking at the vial-level, public sites will eventually require the same degree of visibility to effectively distribute unprecedented numbers of vaccines. Manual processes will create bottlenecks, increased dwell time and wastage due to unmonitored exposure to higher temperatures. Both public and private settings would also benefit from an RFID-based electronic proof of delivery system.”
Rick Dana Barlow | Senior Editor
Rick Dana Barlow is Senior Editor for Healthcare Purchasing News, an Endeavor Business Media publication. He can be reached at [email protected].
